Consumer battery waste sourced from urban areas and processed for reuse in lithium-ion batteries versus mining, processing, and refining of raw materials in remote and politically unstable regions around the globe.

Low cost recovery process with minimal processing steps and known resource content in feedstock versus high cost of exploration, drilling, and resource estimation required prior to the development of a mine.

Closed-loop hydrometallurgical system with no Green House Gas emissions, no landfill waste, low energy consumption, and recycling of process water and reagents while also reducing reliance on mining raw materials.

Legislation worldwide is highly supportive of recycling and mineral recovery from urban waste versus ever increasing mining permit restrictions and stricter environmental regulatory standards.